\tocchapterentry {Using this book}{1}{1} \tocsectionentry {Syntactic conventions}{}{2} \tocsectionentry {Descriptions of the commands}{}{3} \tocchapterentry {Using \TeX }{2}{7} \tocsectionentry {Turning input into ink}{}{7} \tocsubsectionentry {Programs and files you need}{}{7} \tocsubsectionentry {Running {\TeX }}{}{9} \tocsectionentry {Preparing an input file}{}{10} \tocsubsectionentry {Commands and control sequences}{}{10} \tocsubsectionentry {Arguments}{}{11} \tocsubsectionentry {Parameters}{}{12} \tocsubsectionentry {Spaces}{}{12} \tocsubsectionentry {Comments}{}{13} \tocsubsectionentry {Punctuation}{}{13} \tocsubsectionentry {Special characters}{}{15} \tocsubsectionentry {Groups}{}{15} \tocsubsectionentry {Math formulas}{}{16} \tocsectionentry {How \TeX \ works}{}{16} \tocsectionentry {New \TeX \ versus old {\TeX }}{}{18} \tocsectionentry {Resources}{}{18} \tocchapterentry {Examples}{3}{21} \tocsectionentry{Entering simple text}{}{22} \tocsectionentry{Indentation}{}{24} \tocsectionentry{Fonts and special characters}{}{26} \tocsectionentry{Interline spacing}{}{28} \tocsectionentry{Spacing, rules, and boxes}{}{30} \tocsectionentry{Odds and ends}{}{32} \tocsectionentry{Using fonts from other sources}{}{34} \tocsectionentry{A ruled table}{}{36} \tocsectionentry{Typesetting mathematics}{}{38} \tocsectionentry{More mathematics}{}{40} \tocchapterentry {Concepts}{4}{43} \tocchapterentry {Commands \linebreak for composing \linebreak paragraphs}{5}{97} \tocsectionentry {Characters and accents}{}{97} \tocsubsectionentry {Letters and ligatures for European alphabets}{}{97} \tocsubsectionentry {Special symbols}{}{98} \tocsubsectionentry {Arbitrary characters}{}{99} \tocsubsectionentry {Accents}{}{100} \tocsubsectionentry {Defeating boundary ligatures}{}{101} \tocsectionentry {Selecting fonts}{}{102} \tocsubsectionentry {Particular fonts}{}{102} \tocsubsectionentry {Type styles}{}{103} \tocsectionentry {Uppercase and lowercase}{}{103} \tocsectionentry {Interword spacing}{}{104} \tocsectionentry {Centering and justifying lines}{}{108} \tocsectionentry {Shaping paragraphs}{}{110} \tocsubsectionentry {Starting, ending, and indenting paragraphs}{}{110} \tocsubsectionentry {Shaping entire paragraphs}{}{114} \tocsectionentry {Line breaks}{}{120} \tocsubsectionentry {Encouraging or discouraging line breaks}{}{120} \tocsubsectionentry {Line breaking parameters}{}{123} \tocsubsectionentry {Hyphenation}{}{126} \tocsectionentry {Section headings, lists, and theorems}{}{129} \tocchapterentry {Commands for \linebreak composing pages}{6}{133} \tocsectionentry {Interline and interparagraph spaces}{}{133} \tocsectionentry {Page breaks}{}{136} \tocsubsectionentry {Encouraging or discouraging page breaks}{}{136} \tocsubsectionentry {Page breaking parameters}{}{138} \tocsectionentry {Page layout}{}{140} \tocsubsectionentry {Page description parameters}{}{140} \tocsubsectionentry {Page numbers}{}{142} \tocsubsectionentry {Header and footer lines}{}{143} \tocsubsectionentry {Marks}{}{144} \tocsectionentry {Insertions}{}{145} \tocsubsectionentry {Footnotes}{}{145} \tocsubsectionentry {General insertions}{}{146} \tocsectionentry {Modifying the output routine}{}{148} \tocsectionentry {Splitting vertical lists}{}{149} \tocchapterentry {Commands for \linebreak horizontal and \linebreak vertical modes}{7}{153} \tocsectionentry {Producing space}{}{153} \tocsubsectionentry {Fixed-width horizontal space}{}{153} \tocsubsectionentry {Fixed-length vertical space}{}{154} \tocsubsectionentry {Variable-size space}{}{155} \tocsectionentry {Manipulating boxes}{}{160} \tocsubsectionentry {Constructing hboxes and vboxes}{}{160} \tocsubsectionentry {Setting and retrieving the contents of boxes}{}{164} \tocsubsectionentry {Shifting boxes}{}{166} \tocsubsectionentry {Dimensions of box registers}{}{167} \tocsubsectionentry {Struts, phantoms, and empty boxes}{}{167} \tocsubsectionentry {Parameters pertaining to malformed boxes}{}{170} \tocsectionentry {Retrieving the last item from a list}{}{171} \tocsectionentry {Rules and leaders}{}{172} \tocsectionentry {Alignments}{}{176} \tocsubsectionentry {Tabbing alignments}{}{176} \tocsubsectionentry {General alignments}{}{178} \tocchapterentry {Commands \linebreak for composing \linebreak math formulas}{8}{187} \tocsectionentry {Simple parts of formulas}{}{187} \tocsubsectionentry {Greek letters}{}{187} \tocsubsectionentry {Miscellaneous ordinary math symbols}{}{188} \tocsubsectionentry {Binary operations}{}{189} \tocsubsectionentry {Relations}{}{190} \tocsubsectionentry {Left and right delimiters}{}{191} \tocsubsectionentry {Arrows}{}{192} \tocsubsectionentry {Named mathematical functions}{}{193} \tocsubsectionentry {Large operators}{}{194} \tocsubsectionentry {Punctuation}{}{196} \tocsectionentry {Superscripts and subscripts}{}{197} \tocsubsectionentry {Selecting and using styles}{}{198} \tocsectionentry {Compound symbols}{}{199} \tocsubsectionentry {Math accents}{}{199} \tocsubsectionentry {Fractions and other stacking operations}{}{200} \tocsubsectionentry {Dots}{}{203} \tocsubsectionentry {Delimiters}{}{204} \tocsubsectionentry {Matrices}{}{205} \tocsubsectionentry {Roots and radicals}{}{206} \tocsectionentry {Equation numbers}{}{207} \tocsectionentry {Multiline displays}{}{208} \tocsectionentry {Fonts in math formulas}{}{209} \tocsectionentry {Constructing math symbols}{}{211} \tocsubsectionentry {Making delimiters bigger}{}{211} \tocsubsectionentry {Parts of large symbols}{}{211} \tocsectionentry {Aligning parts of a formula}{}{212} \tocsubsectionentry {Aligning accents}{}{212} \tocsubsectionentry {Aligning material vertically}{}{213} \tocsectionentry {Producing spaces}{}{214} \tocsubsectionentry {Fixed-width math spaces}{}{214} \tocsubsectionentry {Variable-width math spaces}{}{215} \tocsubsectionentry {Spacing parameters for displays}{}{216} \tocsubsectionentry {Other spacing parameters for math}{}{217} \tocsectionentry {Categorizing math constructs}{}{218} \tocsectionentry {Special actions for math formulas}{}{218} \tocchapterentry {Commands for \linebreak general operations}{9}{221} \tocsectionentry {Naming and modifying fonts}{}{221} \tocsectionentry {Converting information to tokens}{}{224} \tocsubsectionentry {Numbers}{}{224} \tocsubsectionentry {Environmental information}{}{224} \tocsubsectionentry {Values of variables}{}{226} \tocsectionentry {Grouping}{}{227} \tocsectionentry {Macros}{}{230} \tocsubsectionentry {Defining macros}{}{230} \tocsubsectionentry {Other definitions}{}{232} \tocsubsectionentry {Controlling expansion}{}{233} \tocsubsectionentry {Conditional tests}{}{235} \tocsubsectionentry {Repeated actions}{}{240} \tocsubsectionentry {Doing nothing}{}{241} \tocsectionentry {Registers}{}{242} \tocsubsectionentry {Using registers}{}{242} \tocsubsectionentry {Naming and reserving registers, etc.}{}{244} \tocsubsectionentry {Doing arithmetic in registers}{}{245} \tocsectionentry {Ending the job}{}{246} \tocsectionentry {Input and output}{}{247} \tocsubsectionentry {Operations on input files}{}{247} \tocsubsectionentry {Operations on output files}{}{249} \tocsubsectionentry {Interpreting input characters}{}{251} \tocsectionentry {Controlling interaction with \TeX }{}{252} \tocsectionentry {Diagnostic aids}{}{253} \tocsubsectionentry {Displaying internal data}{}{253} \tocsubsectionentry {Specifying what is traced}{}{256} \tocsubsectionentry {Sending messages}{}{261} \tocsectionentry {Initializing \TeX }{}{263} \tocchapterentry {Tips and techniques}{10}{265} \tocsectionentry {Correcting bad page breaks}{}{265} \tocsectionentry {Preserving the end of a page}{}{267} \tocsectionentry {Leaving space at the top of a page}{}{267} \tocsectionentry {Correcting bad line breaks}{}{268} \tocsectionentry {Correcting overfull or underfull boxes}{}{268} \tocsectionentry {Recovering lost interword spaces}{}{270} \tocsectionentry {Avoiding unwanted interword spaces}{}{270} \tocsectionentry {Avoiding excess space around a display}{}{271} \tocsectionentry {Avoiding excess space after a paragraph}{}{271} \tocsectionentry {Changing the paragraph shape}{}{272} \tocsectionentry {Putting paragraphs into a box}{}{272} \tocsectionentry {Drawing lines}{}{273} \tocsectionentry {Creating multiline headers or footers}{}{274} \tocsectionentry {Finding mismatched braces}{}{275} \tocsectionentry {Setting dimensions}{}{276} \tocsectionentry {Creating composite fonts}{}{276} \tocsectionentry {Reproducing text verbatim}{}{277} \tocsectionentry {Using outer macros}{}{279} \tocsectionentry {Changing category codes}{}{280} \tocsectionentry {Making macro files more readable}{}{281} \tocchapterentry {Making sense \linebreak of error messages}{11}{283} \tocchapterentry {A compendium \linebreak of useful macros}{12}{291} \tocsectionentry {Preliminaries}{}{291} \tocsectionentry {Displays}{}{295} \tocsectionentry {Time of day}{}{297} \tocsectionentry {Lists}{}{298} \tocsectionentry {Verbatim listing}{}{300} \tocsectionentry {Tables of contents}{}{301} \tocsectionentry {Cross-references}{}{302} \tocsectionentry {Environments}{}{304} \tocsectionentry {Justification}{}{306} \tocsectionentry {Tables}{}{307} \tocsectionentry {Footnotes}{}{309} \tocsectionentry {Double columns}{}{309} \tocsectionentry {Finishing up}{}{311} \tocchapterentry {Capsule summary \linebreak of commands}{13}{313} \setback \tocchapterentry {GNU Free Documentation \linebreak License}{14}{341} \tocsectionentry {PREAMBLE}{}{341} \tocsectionentry {APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS}{}{342} \tocsectionentry {VERBATIM COPYING}{}{343} \tocsectionentry {COPYING IN QUANTITY}{}{344} \tocsectionentry {MODIFICATIONS}{}{345} \tocsectionentry {COMBINING DOCUMENTS}{}{346} \tocsectionentry {COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS}{}{347} \tocsectionentry {AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS}{}{347} \tocsectionentry {TRANSLATION}{}{348} \tocsectionentry {TERMINATION}{}{348} \tocsectionentry {FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE}{}{349} \tocchapterentry {Index}{15}{353}